Photo of rows of ancient warrior statues

The clay statues in the burial pits were found lined up and ready for battle.

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An Ancient Army

Fifty years ago, archaeologists uncovered an army of clay soldiers in China. Are there more secrets to be found?

As You Read, Think About: Why was the discovery of the terra-cotta warriors so important?

Yang Zhifa’s shovel hit something hard. It was March 1974. The farmer was digging a well in an orchard in central China. He looked down to find that he had struck a piece of clay that looked like a man’s head. Yang didn’t know it yet, but he had just made one of the greatest archaeological discoveries of all time.

Yang had found a statue of a life-sized soldier made of terra-cotta, or baked clay. It turned out to be the first of many. Over the next few decades, archaeologists would uncover an entire army of terra-cotta warriors in the area. 

Experts were amazed at how detailed the statues were. No two looked exactly alike. The army, which dates back more than 2,200 years, was buried in huge pits. The soldiers appeared to be preparing for battle, some on horses and chariots. 

“They’re an incredible record of what an army would have looked like,” historian Jessica Rawson says. She’s a professor at the University of Oxford in England. Rawson saw the statues up close in 1975 and has visited the site several times since.

Fifty years after the discovery, researchers say the warriors still hold many secrets.

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A Fierce Leader

The statues were found near the tomb of the first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huangdi (chin shuh hwong-dee). He came to power in 246 B.C., after his father died. Qin was just 13 years old at the time.

People came to fear Qin, who was a ruthless leader. Within 25 years, he had conquered six rival kingdoms, uniting China for the first time. He created a massive army to control and protect his empire.  

Qin was obsessed with his legacy. He believed he would rule even in the afterlife. So he ordered about 700,000 workers to build a huge underground palace where he would be buried when he died. It took more than 30 years to build. The burial site spans about 22 square miles—an area about the size of the island of Manhattan in New York City.

“It is one of the biggest and most important in the world,” explains Rawson.

The burial site includes several pits where Qin’s second army—the one made of clay—stood. Each soldier is about 6 feet tall and weighs about 600 pounds. These warriors were meant to guard the tomb and protect Qin in the afterlife. 

Pieces of the Past

For more than 2,200 years, Qin’s terra-cotta army remained hidden underground. Many of the statues were found in pieces. Fragments of different statues ended up together in piles. Archaeologists took on the painstaking job of putting each one back together without a guide for what the figures originally looked like.

More than 2,000 of Qin’s clay soldiers have been excavated, or dug up, so far. But the work is far from done. Archaeologists believe there are about 8,000 statues in all. So they could be uncovering the secrets of the terra-cotta warriors for years to come.

  1. Why did Qin Shi Huangdi build a large army of real soldiers? 
  2. What details about the terra-cotta army help archaeologists understand what Qin’s real army probably looked like?
  3. What makes archaeologists’ work on the terra-cotta army painstaking?
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